Brucellosis In Dogs

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Brucellosis: Dog Breeders Shouldn't Skip Testing for This Dangerous Disease

Based on my many discussions with breeders over the years, there appears to be a great deal of misunderstanding about the bacterial disease brucellosis. Interestingly, there also seems to be misunderstanding at some veterinary offices as well.

Brucellosis is a contagious disease caused by the bacterium Brucella canis. It is one of the leading causes of infertility in breeding stock. It occurs worldwide, affects all kinds of dogs, purebred and not, and can also be transmitted from dogs to humans. Other animals that can be affected with brucellosis include livestock such as sheep, cattle, and goats, as well as wildlife, including bison, elk, and wild pigs.

In dogs, a classic sign of brucellosis is abortion during the third trimester of pregnancy. Other signs include stillbirths, conception failures, and litter resorption. Some infected dogs may show no symptoms, however.

In humans, clinical symptoms vary. They range from mild, nonspecific or flulike symptoms to infertility or serious cardiac or neurological problems.

In dogs, the bacteria tend to attack the reproductive organs (steroid-dependent tissues) but can also migrate to the eyes, spinal column, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Microscopic view of Brucella (Tufts University)

ABOUT BRUCELLOSIS

With dogs, the main mode of transmission of brucellosis is by direct contact with infected body fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, and urine. Aborted materials are also a major source of infection. The bacterium invades the body via the mucous membranes of the genitals, nose, eyes, or mouth and is spread throughout the body (organs) via blood and lymph nodes.

Brucellosis affects female and male dogs in specific ways:

Females: The most often seen clinical symptom in the female dog is infertility, with 75 percent of cases resulting in late-term abortion (45–55 days of gestation). Aborted puppies will typically show signs of generalized infection, with the female presenting a brownish or green-grey discharge and being highly contagious with the bacteria for several weeks.

Males: The male will present with severe inflammation and/or infection of the epididymis (that part of the testicle where sperm matures and is stored). In the early phase of infection, the testes will be enlarged and painful. As the infection progresses, the testes become firm and shrunken. Infected males will become sterile due to testicular damage causing anti-sperm antibody formation.

Infected males may also develop prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), with clinical symptoms of difficulty urinating and defecating.

Both sexes: Non-reproductive symptoms in both sexes can include lethargy, weight loss, and exercise intolerance. More specific clinical symptoms will depend on the organ infected but can include inflammation of the spine, eye, heart, and skin.

THE IMPORTANCE OF TESTING

There are accurate, definitive tests for brucellosis (PCR-based, blood culture), but they must be performed correctly. Screening tests are accurate if negative except very early in the course of the infection. (There is not a 100-percent accurate, definitive test for this infection in dogs, though there are many tests available.)

A simple blood draw is most often used. The rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) that detects antibodies to Brucella spp. is often used as a screening tool. This test is quick and inexpensive, but cross-reactivity with other bacterial species commonly results in false positives. Therefore, if the test is positive, it is important to confirm the results with another test that is more specific for Brucella spp. antigens.

A definitive diagnosis can be made by positive culture of the bacteria in blood or tissue. However, the bacterium is difficult to detect in early stages with antibiotic treatment affecting the results. PCR testing can confirm the presence of active infection by detecting DNA of the Brucella spp., but lab tests are not yet universally available. Ultrasound and/or X-rays may help show abnormalities in the prostate and/or testicles, and inflammation of the spine in cases of discospondylitis.

Sadly, there is no guaranteed cure for this infection in dogs. It is very difficult for antibiotics to effectively penetrate cells to eradicate the disease. Long-term doses of combinations of antibiotics have been tried, as well as neutering and isolation of infected dogs, but the infection often reappears. As the disease is zoonotic (capable of spreading to humans), tragically, euthanasia of infected animals is recommended.

The foregoing should alert breeders as to just how imperative it is to test both male and female dogs for brucellosis before breeding.

PROCEDURES AND PREVENTION

When abortions, infertility, and/or testicular abnormalities are detected in dogs and/or bitches during routine inspections or testing, immediate blood testing for Brucella canis should be done. (Again, it is important to bear in mind that positive results can be false and need more specific testing.)

Your veterinarian should know how to accomplish this testing. The kennel should be quarantined during the eradication process, with no new dogs brought to the premises and no selling, relocating, or breeding. Serology testing should be done on all animals in order to identify the sources of infection.

Any animal testing positive must be immediately removed. Monthly testing must then continue for at least three months, until there are no new positive results for brucellosis.

After this period, testing should be performed every three months for a year and a preventative plan put in place. Very thorough and careful hygiene routines are vital if this disease is to be eradicated. Sadly, there is no cure, and even if tests are showing a negative result, the infection will most commonly recur.

All organic material should be removed from infected surfaces prior to a thorough disinfection. It is essential that dogs testing positive are not kept as breeding stock, even if they are of great genetic importance in a breeding program. The only way to have and to successfully maintain a clean environment for the dogs is if all infected dogs are removed.

Prevention is easily accomplished by simple blood testing of both the dog and bitch prior to breeding. Stud dogs must be tested annually, and bitches must be tested prior to each breeding. This serological test should even be done on a stud dog being collected for frozen semen. Any new animal entering the premises should be quarantined for 8–12 weeks and tested for Brucella canis at the beginning and the end of the quarantine period.

Brucella canis is not transmitted only by sexual activity; all maiden bitches and virgin dogs should also be tested. The bacteria can be found not only in the reproductive tract but also in the eyes, spinal column, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The main route of infection is by direct contact with infected body fluids, such as semen, vaginal secretions, and urine.

To date, there is no vaccine for prevention of the disease in dogs.

RISK TO HUMANS

Canine brucellosis is a reportable disease in many states (though not California). In the event of a positive blood result, your veterinarian can seek advice from the state veterinarian regarding a plan of action. It is important to keep in mind that false positives occur, and in this case re-testing or testing at a different laboratory is needed. It is imperative to confirm that a positive result really is positive.

Since the disease can be transmitted to humans, and for dogs there is no known cure and no vaccine, infected dogs are a health hazard to humans. While most human cases of brucellosis are caused by consuming unpasteurized dairy products or undercooked meat, it is possible for humans to get this disease from dogs. Most reported cases from a canine source have been from people who have had direct contact with an aborted litter or aborted material associated with such a litter, such as veterinary technicians and breeders.

Immune-compromised people are at the greatest risk and are of particular concern for contracting this disease. Pregnant women and young children are also at the top of the “concern” list.

Clinical signs in people range from being uncomfortable with flulike symptoms to septicemia, infertility, and cardiac and neurological symptoms of a more serious nature. Fortunately, humans do respond to antibiotic treatment, but prolonged therapy is required. (See the CDC website for more information.)

The above is based on interviews with and articles by Autumn Davidson, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM, VMTH SAC, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis.

Overview of Brucellosis in Dogs

Although dogs occasionally become infected with Brucella abortus, B suis, or B melitensis, these sporadic occurrences typically are closely associated with exposure to infected domestic livestock (see Brucellosis in Large Animals).

B canis is a cause of abortion at 45–55 days of gestation in kenneled dogs. Dogs are the only definitive host of this organism. Infection has caused a reduction of 75% in the number of pups weaned in some breeding kennels. The disease disseminates rapidly among closely confined dogs, especially at time of breeding or when abortions occur. Transmission occurs via ingestion of contaminated materials or venereal routes. Urine transmission has been reported but seems to be unusual. Both sexes appear to be equally susceptible.

Primary signs are abortion during the last trimester of pregnancy without premonitory signs, stillbirths, and conception failures. Prolonged vaginal discharge usually follows abortion. Abortions may occur during subsequent pregnancies. Infected dogs may develop generalized lymphadenitis and frequently epididymitis, periorchitis, and prostatitis. Spondylitis and uveitis are occasional complications. Bacteremia is frequent and persists for ~18 mo after exposure. Fever is not characteristic.

Diagnosis is based on isolation and identification of the causative agent or by serology. The organisms can usually be readily isolated from vaginal exudate, aborted pups, blood, milk, or semen of infected dogs. The most widely used serologic test is an agglutination test by a tube or slide method. Nonspecific agglutination reactions occur in some dogs. To eliminate nonspecific antibody reactions, the serum is treated with 2-mercaptoethanol and retested. An agar gel immunodiffusion test performed in some laboratories is quite specific. Other tests, such as immunofluorescence and ELISA, have been used sometimes.

Attempts at immunization have not been successful. Control is based on elimination or isolation of infected dogs identified by positive cultural or serologic tests at monthly intervals. Incidence of infection is much lower in kennels where dogs are caged individually. Longterm therapy, eg, with a combination regimen of streptomycin or gentamicin and tetracycline, has been successful in many cases. Neutering of infected dogs is sometimes an alternative to euthanasia.

Prevention of canine brucellosis is done by testing before entry and breeding. The disease is reportable in some states. B canis is zoonotic, although cases of human infection are rare and less severe than those caused by the smooth species of the genus. The true incidence is unknown. Diagnostic tests used for smooth species do not cross-react with those for rough species; this may result in a missed diagnosis. In addition, signs of B canis infections may resemble those of other diseases. Appropriate measures to prevent exposure should be taken.

Burnese Mountain Dog

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Bernese Mountain Dog

The Bernese Mountain Dog is an extremely versatile working dog from the farmlands of Switzerland. He was developed to herd cattle, pull carts, and be a watchdog and loyal companion. He is one of four types of Swiss Mountain Dogs, and the only one with long hair. The Bernese Mountain Dog comes from the canton of Bern, hence his name. He’s a large and sturdy dog breed, with a friendly and calm disposition, and he’s well suited to conformation, obedience, tracking, herding, and carting competitions.

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  The Bernese Mountain Dog, affectionately called the Berner (and known as the Berner Sennenhund in his Swiss homeland), is instantly recognizable with his flashy, tricolor coat and white "Swiss cross" on his chest. Underneath that beautiful coat is a sturdy dog well suited for heavy work: These beautiful, gentle dogs have been traditionally used in Switzerland as herders and draft dogs.
  
  The Berner was originally a vital part of farm life, serving to drive cattle, protect his family, and pull carts loaded with goods to sell at nearby villages. Although he's a good-mannered, hard worker, he nearly became extinct in the early 20th century, when other means of transportation became accessible to farmers. Fortunately, a handful of fanciers sought to preserve the breed.
  
  In addition to being strikingly good-looking, the Berner has a wonderful temperament. He is known for being loyal, affectionate, eager to please, and intelligent. He's easy to train, if you allow him time to analyze what you want him to do. Most of all, he has a happy-go-lucky attitude about life.
  
  The Berner is calm but gregarious, and sometimes even a little goofy when he plays with his family. He does well with children of all ages and with adults, but he isn't a good choice for people who live in apartments or don't have a large, fenced yard for him to play in. The Berner needs to live with his family, rather than be relegated to an outdoor kennel. He's happiest when he can participate in all family activities.
  
  Since he was bred to be a working dog, the Berner likes to learn and can be easily trained. Since he is very large — about 100 pounds — when mature, early obedience training and socialization are recommended. Prospective owners should know that the Berner is slow to mature, both physically and mentally; he may remain puppyish for some time. Additionally, the Berner is known to have a "soft" personality; his feelings are easily hurt and he doesn't respond well to harsh corrections.
  
  Despite his beauty and excellent temperament — or perhaps because of these qualities — Berners are struggling to survive today. The breed has a small gene pool, which has resulted in numerous health problems related to inbreeding. As more people find out about the breed, many dogs with health problems are being bred with little or no regard to the effect this has on the breed as a whole. Those considering a Bernese Mountain Dog must be very careful to buy a puppy only from a reputable breeder.
  
  
  
  
  
  


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  Highlights

  
  
  
  

  
  
  • Berners have numerous health problems due to their small genetic foundation, and perhaps due to other reasons yet undiscovered. Currently, the life span of a Bernese Mountain Dog is comparatively short, about six to eight years.
  
  
  • Because of the Berner's popularity, some people have bred dogs of lesser quality in order to sell the puppies to unsuspecting buyers. Be especially careful about importing dogs from foreign countries that have few laws governing kennel conditions. Often these dogs are bought at auction and little is known about their health history.
  
  
  • Veterinary care can be costly because of the health problems in the breed.
  
  
  • Berners shed profusely, especially in the spring and fall. If shedding drives you crazy, this may not be the right breed for you.
  
  
  • The Berner likes to be with his family. He's likely to develop annoying behavior problems, such as barking, digging, or chewing, if he's isolated from people and their activities.
  
  
  • When Berners are mature, they are large dogs who like to have a job to do. For those reasons, it's wise — and fun — to begin obedience training early.
  
  
  • Although they're very gentle with children, Berners sometimes accidentally knock over a small child or toddler.
  
  
  • To get a healthy dog, never buy a puppy from an irresponsible breeder, puppy mill, or pet store. Look for a reputable breeder who tests her breeding dogs to make sure they're free of genetic diseases that they might pass onto the puppies, and that they have sound temperaments.

  
  


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  History

  
  
  
  
  One ancient breed, the Molosser, stands out as of the most versatile, well traveled, and influential in the development of a variety of Mastiff-type dogs, including Berners.
  
  It's thought that the four Swiss Sennenhund breeds (Appenzeller Sennenhund, Entlebucher Sennenhund, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, and Berner Sennenhund) developed as crosses between farm dogs from the Swiss Alps and the Molosser or Mastiff-type dogs that the Romans brought with them when they invaded the Alps in the first century B.C.
  
  It's likely that the Berner has been working on Swiss farms for more than 2,000 years, quietly tucked away on small holdings in the Alps, where he's been pulling carts, accompanying livestock, standing watch, and providing his owners with loyal companionship.
  
  It is known that by 1888, only 36 percent of the Swiss population worked in agriculture, and need dwindled for a strong dog who could herd cattle and pull a cart filled with goods. In 1899, however, the Swiss became interested in preserving their native breeds and founded a dog club called Berna. Members included breeders of a variety of purebred dogs.
  
  In 1902, the Swiss dog club sponsored a show at Ostermundigen that drew attention to the Swiss mountain breeds. Two years later, the breeds took a big step forward through several events: At an international dog show held in Bern, the Swiss dog club sponsored a class for Swiss "shepherd dogs," which included the Mountain dogs. This was also the first year that these dogs were referred to as "Bernese." And in that same year, the Swiss Kennel Club recognized the Bernese Mountain Dog as a breed.
  
  During World War I, dog shows and breeding took a backseat to war efforts. But after the war, the first Bernese Mountain Dogs were exported, first to Holland and then to the United States — although the breed was not yet recognized by the American Kennel Club.
  
  In 1936, two British breeders began importing Berners, and the first litter of Berner pups was born in England. Also in 1936, the Glen Shadow kennel in Louisiana imported a female and a male Berner from Switzerland. By early 1937, the AKC sent Glen Shadow a letter saying that the Bernese Mountain Dog had been accepted as a new breed in the Working Class.
  
  World War II again interrupted the progress of the breed outside its native land, but after 1945, importation and registration resumed in the United States.
  
  In 1968, the Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America was founded, with 62 members and 43 registered Berners. Three years later, there were more than 100 members in the club. Meanwhile, the breed, which had died out in England during World War II, was reintroduced in Great Britain.
  
  The Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America became a member club of the AKC in 1981. In 1990, the AKC adopted its current Bernese Mountain Dog standard.
  
  


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  Size

  
  
  
  
  Males stand 25 to 27.5 inches tall and weigh 80 to 115 pounds. Females stand 23 to 26 inches tall and weigh 70 to 95 pounds.
  
  
  
  


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  Personality

  
  
  
  
  The Berner is an affectionate, intelligent, and alert dog. He's also gentle, calm, and tolerant. He likes to be with his family and thrives when he's included in family activities. His large size is one of his most notable features, and of course early training is essential to teach him how to behave properly in the house and with people. Slow to mature, he reaches his adult size long before he reaches mental maturity.
  
  The Berner is protective of his family, though he isn't usually aggressive. He can be aloof with strangers and generally a bit shy, so exposing the Berner puppy to a wide variety of people, animals, and situations is important.
  
  Temperament is affected by a number of factors, including heredity, training, and socialization. Puppies with nice temperaments are curious and playful, willing to approach people and be held by them. Choose the middle-of-the-road puppy, not the one who's beating up his littermates or the one who's hiding in the corner.
  
  Always meet at least one of the parents — usually the mother is the one who's available — to ensure that they have nice temperaments that you're comfortable with. Meeting siblings or other relatives of the parents is also helpful for evaluating what a puppy will be like when he grows up.
  
  Like every dog, the Berner needs early socialization — exposure to many different people, sights, sounds, and experiences — when they're young. Socialization helps ensure that your Berner puppy grows up to be a well-rounded dog.
  
  Enrolling him in a puppy kindergarten class is a great start. Inviting visitors over regularly, and taking him to busy parks, stores that allow dogs, and on leisurely strolls to meet neighbors will also help him polish his social skills.
  
  


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  Health

  
  
  
  
  Berners are generally healthy, but like all breeds, they're prone to certain health conditions. Not all Berners will get any or all of these diseases, but it's important to be aware of them if you're considering this breed.
  
  If you're buying a puppy, find a good breeder who will show you health clearances for both your puppy's parents. Health clearances prove that a dog has been tested for and cleared of a particular condition.
  
  In Berners, you should expect to see health clearances from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) for hip dysplasia (with a score of fair or better), elbow dysplasia, hypothyroidism, and von Willebrand's disease; from Auburn University for thrombopathia; and from the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) certifying that eyes are normal. You can confirm health clearances by checking the OFA web site (offa.org).
  

  
  
  • Cancer: Various forms of cancer afflict a large number of Bernese Mountain Dogs and can cause early death. Symptoms include abnormal swelling of a sore or bump, sores that don't heal, bleeding from any body opening, and difficulty with breathing or elimination. Treatments for cancer include chemotherapy, surgery, and medications.
  
  
  • Hip Dysplasia: This is an inherited condition in which the thighbone doesn't fit snugly into the hip joint. Some dogs show pain and lameness on one or both rear legs, but others don't display outward signs of discomfort. (X-ray screening is the most certain way to diagnose the problem.) Either way, arthritis can develop as the dog ages. Dogs with hip dysplasia should not be bred — so if you're buying a puppy, ask the breeder for proof that the parents have been tested for hip dysplasia and are free of problems.
  
  
  • Elbow Dysplasia: Similar to hip dysplasia, this is also a degenerative disease common to large-breed dogs. It's believed to be caused by abnormal growth and development, which results in a malformed and weakened joint. The disease varies in severity: the dog could simply develop arthritis, or he could become lame. Treatment includes surgery, weight management, medical management, and anti-inflammatory medication.
  
  
  • Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): This is a family of eye diseases that involves the gradual deterioration of the retina. Early in the disease, affected dogs become night-blind; they lose sight during the day as the disease progresses. Many affected dogs adapt well to their limited or lost vision, as long as their surroundings remain the same.
  
  
  • Portosystemic Shunt (PSS): This is a congenital abnormality in which blood vessels allow blood to bypass the liver. As a result, the blood is not cleansed by the liver as it should be. Symptoms, which usually appear before two years of age, can include but are not limited to neurobehavioral abnormalities, lack of appetite, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), intermittent gastrointestinal issues, urinary tract problems, drug intolerance, and stunted growth. Surgery is usually the best option.
  
  
  • Von Willebrand's Disease: Found in both dogs and humans, this is a blood disorder that affects the clotting process. An affected dog will have symptoms such as nosebleeds, bleeding gums, prolonged bleeding from surgery, prolonged bleeding during heat cycles or after whelping, and occasionally blood in the stool. This disorder is usually diagnosed between three and five years of age, and it can't be cured. However, it can be managed with treatments that include cauterizing or suturing injuries, transfusions before surgery, and avoidance of specific medications.
  
  
  • Panosteitis: Commonly called pano, this condition causes self-limiting lameness. At about five to 12 months of age, the dog may start to limp first on one leg, then on another — then the limping will stop. There are usually no long-term effects. Rest and restricted activity may be necessary for a while if the dog is in pain. The best thing that you can do for your Berner is to feed him a high-quality dog food that doesn't have too much calcium or too high a percentage of protein, which some believe may cause pano. Ask your vet for his recommendations.
  
  
  • Gastric Torsion: Also called bloat, this is a life-threatening condition that can affect large, deep-chested dogs such as Bernese Mountain Dogs. This is especially true if they are fed one large meal a day, eat rapidly, drink large volumes of water after eating, and exercise vigorously after eating. Bloat is more common among older dogs. It occurs when the stomach is distended with gas or air and then twists (torsion). The dog is unable to belch or vomit to rid himself of the excess air in the stomach, and the normal return of blood to the heart is impeded. Blood pressure drops and the dog goes into shock. Without immediate medical attention, the dog can die. Suspect bloat if your dog has a distended abdomen and is salivating excessively and retching without throwing up. He also may be restless, depressed, lethargic, and weak, with a rapid heart rate. It's important to get your dog to the vet as soon as possible if you see these signs.

  
  
  
  


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  Care

  
  
  
  
  Berners are not suited to apartment or condo life. A home with a large, securely fenced yard is the best choice. Because the Berner is a working dog, he has plenty of energy. In addition to yard play, he needs a minimum of 30 minutes of vigorous exercise every day; three times that amount keeps this sturdy dog in top condition.
  
  With his thick, handsome coat, the Berner is a natural fit for cold climates. He loves to play in the snow. Conversely, with his black coat and large size, he's prone to heat stroke. Don't allow him to exercise strenuously when it's extremely hot; limit exercise to early mornings or evenings, when it's cooler. Keep him cool during the heat of the day, either inside with fans or air-conditioning or outside in the shade.
  
  You'll need to take special care if you're raising a Berner puppy. Like many large-breed dogs, Berners grow rapidly between the ages of four and seven months, making them susceptible to bone disorders and injury. They do well on a high-quality, low-calorie diet that keeps them from growing too fast.
  
  Additionally, don't let the Berner puppy run and play on hard surfaces (such as pavement), jump excessively, or pull heavy loads until he's at least two years old and his joints are fully formed. Normal play on grass is fine, and so are puppy agility classes, with their one-inch jumps.
  
  


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  Feeding

  
  
  
  
  Recommended daily amount: 3 to 5 cups of high-quality dry food a day, divided into two meals.
  
  NOTE: How much your adult dog eats depends on his size, age, build, metabolism, and activity level. Dogs are individuals, just like people, and they don't all need the same amount of food. It almost goes without saying that a highly active dog will need more than a couch potato dog. The quality of dog food you buy also makes a difference — the better the dog food, the further it will go toward nourishing your dog and the less of it you'll need to shake into your dog's bowl.
  
  Keep your Berner in good shape by measuring his food and feeding him twice a day rather than leaving food out all the time. If you're unsure whether he's overweight, give him the eye test and the hands-on test.
  
  First, look down at him. You should be able to see a waist. Then place your hands on his back, thumbs along the spine, with the fingers spread downward. You should be able to feel but not see his ribs without having to press hard. If you can't, he needs less food and more exercise.
  
  Berner puppies need slow, steady growth. Choose a good-quality food that's 22 to 24 percent protein and 12 to 15 percent fat.
  
  For more on feeding your Berner, see our guidelines for buying the right food, feeding your puppy, and feeding your adult dog.
  
  
  
  


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  Coat Color And Grooming

  
  
  
  
  The Berner coat is gorgeous: a thick double coat with a longer outer coat and a wooly undercoat. Characteristically tricolored, the majority of the Berner's body is covered with jet-black hair with rich rust and bright white. There's usually a white marking on his chest that looks like an inverted cross, a white blaze between the eyes, and white on the tip of his tail.
  
  Beauty has a price, though, and in this case it's that the Berner is a shedder. He sheds moderately all year and heavily in the spring and fall. Brushing several times a week helps reduce the amount of hair around the house and keeps the coat clean and tangle-free. Periodic bathing, every three months or so, will maintain his neat appearance.
  
  Brush your Berner's teeth at least two or three times a week to remove tartar buildup and the bacteria that lurk inside it. Daily brushing is even better if you want to prevent gum disease and bad breath.
  
  Trim nails once a month if your dog doesn't wear them down naturally to prevent painful tears and other problems. If you can hear them clicking on the floor, they're too long. Dog toenails have blood vessels in them, and if you cut too far you can cause bleeding — and your dog may not cooperate the next time he sees the nail clippers come out. So, if you're not experienced trimming dog nails, ask a vet or groomer for pointers.
  
  His ears should be checked weekly for redness or a bad odor, which can indicate an infection. When you check your dog's ears, wipe them out with a cotton ball dampened with gentle, pH-balanced ear cleaner to help prevent infections. Don't insert anything into the ear canal; just clean the outer ear.
  
  Begin accustoming your Berner to being brushed and examined when he's a puppy. Handle his paws frequently — dogs are touchy about their feet — and look inside his mouth. Make grooming a positive experience filled with praise and rewards, and you'll lay the groundwork for easy veterinary exams and other handling when he's an adult.
  
  As you groom, check for sores, rashes, or signs of infection such as redness, tenderness, or inflammation on the skin, in the nose, mouth, and eyes, and on the feet. Eyes should be clear, with no redness or discharge. Your careful weekly exam will help you spot potential health problems early.
  
  


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  Children And Other Pets

  
  
  
  
  The Berner is an excellent family pet, and he's usually gentle and affectionate with children who are kind and careful with animals. Being so large, he can inadvertently bump or knock over very young or small children.
  
  As with every breed, you should always teach children how to approach and touch dogs, and always supervise any interactions between dogs and young children to prevent any biting or ear or tail pulling on the part of either party. Teach your child never to approach any dog while he's eating or sleeping or to try to take the dog's food away. No dog, no matter how friendly, should ever be left unsupervised with a child.
  
  The Berner gets along with other pets well, though the greater the size difference, the more supervision and training required to keep everyone safe.
  
  


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  Rescue Groups

  
  
  
  
  Berners are often purchased without any clear understanding of what goes into owning one. There are many Berners in need of adoption and or fostering. There are a number of rescues that we have not listed. If you don't see a rescue listed for your area, contact the national breed club or a local breed club and they can point you toward a Berners rescue.
  

  
  
  • Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America

  
  


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  Breed Organizations

  
  
  
  
  Below are breed clubs, organizations, and associations where you can find additional information about the Bernese Mountain Dog.
  

  
  
  • Bernese Mountain Dog Club of America, Inc.

  
  

Bernese Mountain Dog Temperament: What's Good About 'Em, What's Bad About 'Em

The Bernese Mountain Dog is steady-tempered and easygoing.

However, his calmness and willingness to laze about doesn't mean he can be cooped up without exercise. Indeed, the Bernese loves getting out, especially in cool weather. With his thick black coat, he doesn't do well in hot climates. Romping in the snow is a favorite form of recreation for this Alpine breed, and pulling carts and sleds is a wonderful source of exercise, especially if it involves children.

His attitude toward strangers varies from friendly to aloof, but a good Bernese should remain poised and hold his ground. The most common temperament fault is excessive shyness, sometimes toward everyone, sometimes focused on one group of people, such as men with beards. A Bernese Mountain Dog puppy needs lots of socialization so that his natural caution does not become timidity.

Most Bernese Mountain Dogs are peaceful and sociable with other animals. But some Bernese males are aggressive toward other male dogs.

Responsive to obedience training in a slow, good-natured way, this sensitive breed should be handled kindly, with much praise and encouragement. However, they're not complete pushovers to train. Some can be a little bit hardheaded and dominant, especially males, and especially during adolescence when they're "feeling their hormones."

There is great variability in size in this breed. Some individuals are medium/large and quite athletic, while others are huge and ponderous (especially males).

If you want a dog who...

• Is large, heavy, and powerful


• Has a thick furry coat that does well in cold climates


• Is gentle-natured, polite, and non-aggressive


• Is usually peaceful with other pets


• Loves pulling carts and sleds and romping in cold weather


• Is responsive to training in a slow, good-natured way

A Bernese Mountain Dog may be right for you.

If you don't want to deal with...

• A bulky dog who takes up a good amount of space in your house and car


• "Separation anxiety" and destructiveness when left alone too much


• Fearfulness or timidity in some lines, or when not socialized enough


• Some stubbornness and/or dominance problems, especially in young males


• More than average shedding


• Potential for slobbering/drooling in individuals with loose lips


• High price tag


• Serious health problems and a short lifespan (see below)

A Bernese Mountain Dog may not be right for you.

Keep in mind that the inheritance of temperament is less predictable than the inheritance of physical traits such as size or shedding. Temperament and behavior are also shaped by raising and training.

• You can avoid some negative traits by choosing an ADULT dog from an animal shelter or rescue group. With an adult dog, you can easily see what you're getting, and plenty of adult Bernese Mountain Dogs have already proven themselves not to have negative characteristics.


• If you want a puppy, you can avoid some negative traits by choosing the right breeder and the right puppy. Unfortunately, you usually can't tell whether a puppy has inherited temperament or health problems until he grows up.


• Finally, you can avoid some negative traits by training your Bernese Mountain Dog to respect you and by following the 11-step care program in my book, 11 Things You Must Do Right To Keep Your Dog Healthy and Happy.

More traits and characteristics of the Bernese Mountain Dog

If I was considering a Bernese Mountain Dog, I would be most concerned about...

1. Providing sufficient exercise. Bernese Mountain Dogs definitely don't need or want jogging exercise. But they do need a decent-sized fenced yard where they can romp about at will.


2. Potential separation anxiety. Bernese Mountain Dogs need a great deal of companionship and do not like being left alone for more than a few hours. They tend to express their unhappiness through destructive chewing.


3. Providing enough socialization. Standoffish by nature, Bernese Mountain Dogs need extensive exposure to people and to unusual sights and sounds. Otherwise their natural caution can become shyness, which is difficult to live with.


4. Strong temperament in some males. Some Bernese Mountain Dogs, particularly young males, are willful and dominant (they want to be the boss) and will make you prove that you can make them do things. Some Bernese males are also dominant or aggressive toward other male dogs.


5. Shedding. A big Yes! Bernese Mountain Dogs shed a goodly amount.


6. Potential slobbering. Some Bernese Mountain Dogs, especially those with massive heads and loose lips, slobber and drool, especially after eating and drinking.


7. Potential health problems. The Bernese Mountain Dog has a wonderful personality, yes. But pause for a moment.... because their serious health problems are a major drawback that you must consider before committing to this breed. Their average lifespan is shorter than other breeds in their size range because so many of them are crippled by hip and elbow dysplasia, or succumb to inherited cancers, heart disease, or epilepsy at 5-7 years of age. Read more about Bernese Mountain Dog Health.

Almost Home Dog Rescue Pa

almost-home-dog-rescue-pa[/caption]

Adoptable Pets in PA

PHOTOS

NAME

FEATURES

ORGANIZATION

Cindy

Boxer
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Ginger

Labrador Retriever Mix
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Scarlette

Beagle
Size:M, Age:Senior, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Maple

Terrier
Size:M, Age:Young, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Ruger

Hound
Size:M, Age:Young, Sex:M

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Jill

Beagle
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Jetson and Joy

Beagle Mix
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:M

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Minnie May

Chihuahua
Size:S, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Tortie

Labrador Retriever
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Thelma

Shepherd
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Joy and Jetson

Retriever
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Chuck

Labrador Retriever Mix
Size:M, Age:Adult, Sex:M

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Archie

Hound Mix
Size:L, Age:Young, Sex:M

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Porkchop

Chihuahua Mix
Size:M, Age:Young, Sex:M

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Estella

Spaniel Mix
Size:M, Age:Young, Sex:F

Almost Home Dog Rescue
Doylestown, PA

almosthome4dogs@yahoo.com

Antihistamine For Dogs

antihistamine-for-dogs[/caption]

By Jessica Vogelsang, DVM

Benadryl, also known by its generic name diphenhydramine, is one of the few over-the-counter drugs that veterinarians routinely have owners administer at home.  While it is generally well tolerated and has a wide safety margin, there are a few things owners should keep in mind before dosing it at home:

1. What is Benadryl used for?

Benadryl is an antihistamine, blocking the H-1 receptors on smooth muscle and blood vessels. Some of its most common indications are the treatment of environmental allergies, allergic reactions to insect bites or stings, and pre-treatment of vaccine reactions. It also has some efficacy in the prevention of motion sickness in dogs and as a mild sedative.

2. When should I not use Benadryl?

Benadryl is contraindicated with certain conditions, such as pets with glaucoma, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. It’s always best to contact your veterinarian for guidance before administering any medication to your pet, including Benadryl.

3. How much Benadryl should I give?

The standard dosage for oral Benadryl is 1 mg per pound of body weight, given 2-3 times a day. Most drug store diphenhydramine tablets are 25 mg, which is the size used for a 25 pound dog. Always double check the dosage before giving an over the counter medication. In addition, many formulations are combined with other medications such as Tylenol so make sure Benadryl tablets contain only diphenhydramine.

4. When should I contact my veterinarian?

Oral Benadryl is considered a mild to moderately effective antihistamine. If a pet is having an acute allergic reaction with facial swelling or difficulty breathing, skip the oral medications and go straight to the vet. Many allergic diseases require a combination of medications and treatment of underlying infections; if your pet is not responding to the medication, talk to your vet for other options.

Is your dog an obsessive licker? Does he frequently scratch or scoot across the floor? Just like humans, dogs can overreact to harmless allergens in the air, sneezing and itching as a result.

We consulted California Veterinary Dermatologist Dr. Nicole Eckholm to find out how to spot, treat, and stop dog allergies. Note: if you’re looking for info about your own allergies to pets, check out this guide.

A MILD ANTISEPTIC SPRAY WILL HELP TREAT HOT SPOTS. YOUR VET CAN ALSO PROVIDE PRESCRIPTION PRODUCTS.

Dogs with allergies will often lick and scratch until they get “hot spots” like this one, which can be cleaned gently with a mild antiseptic spray.

How to Spot Dog Allergies

There are four main types of allergy in dogs: atopy, flea, food, and contact. Atopy refers to environmental allergies; a dog’s body releases excess histamine when exposed to higher concentrations of pollen in the air, which prompts symptoms. This article focuses mainly on environmental allergies. If you’re concerned about food allergies, talk to your vet, and try a limited-ingredient diet to determine which ingredients your dog might be reacting to.

The itching will likely start seasonally, which initially is how you can distinguish between atopy and other types of allergies. The most common signs of atopic allergies are:

• Itching


• Scratching


• Biting


• Chewing

At-Home Treatment Options and Helpful Hints

You can help your allergic dog in a number of ways completely unrelated to drugs.

1.Wipe down your dog to remove allergens after walks

Pet grooming wipes are a quick way to remove dander and allergens when a full bath isn’t possible. We like the fragrance-free, hypoallergenic Pogi’s wipes.

2. Try a hypoallergenic shampoo

You can buy this and related anti-itch shampoo over-the-counter. Look for soothing ingredients like aloe, oatmeal, or evening primrose oil. That’s the main ingredient in this highly-rated choice.

3. Use supplements such as biotin or omega-3s

These help to suppress itching and improve coat health. Vet’s Best also offers well-regarded natural supplementsto combat seasonal allergies.

4. Try Sulfodene treatments

Sulfodene products use an FDA-approved formula for treating irritation, red skin, and hot spots in particular.

5. Give baths with a gentle or medicated shampoo

Baths help to control the amount of allergens on your dog’s skin, as long as avoid anything that will irritate or dry out their skin.

6. Apply a medicated spray

This popular choice from SynergyLabs helps treat fungal and bacterial skin infections, plus contains soothing aloe.

6. Use prescription shampoos or sprays

Available from your vet.

Getting Relief: Medical Treatment Options

Do you pop a Benadryl or Claritin when your allergies act up? The first way to get relief for your pet is the same—antihistamines!

You must consult your vet to determine which antihistamine is best and get specific dosage for your dog.

Unfortunately, antihistamines are only effective in 30% of dogs. While they may work for you at first, antihistamines often lose effectiveness.

“If an antihistamine is effective, you could carry that out as long as it lasts,” Dr. Eckholm explains. “Sometimes, you can manage allergies just with that. Other times, as allergies progress, antihistamines are no longer effective.”

The next option is a much stronger medication—corticosteroids. Steroids are much more effective at treating allergy symptoms but are not recommended for long-term use because of possible severe and permanent side effects. But don’t be hesitant to use steroids because of the stigma—they can be very effective even in small doses and can help give relief to an itchy pet.

“It’s about quality of life,” Dr. Eckholm reasons.

If you graduate to steroids, you should also pursue allergy testing at that time.

“Allergy testing and immunotherapy [allergy shots] are the gold standard for managing environmental allergies,” Dr. Eckholm says. “Allergy shots are the only effective method to stop the progression of allergies.”

INTRA-DERMAL OR SKIN ALLERGY TESTING IS DONE BY INJECTING ALLERGENS INTO THE SKIN AND SEEING WHICH ONES THE DOG REACTS TO. DR. NICOLE ECKHOLM IS SEEN AT BOTTOM READING THE RESULTS OF YELLOW DOG.

Dogs are allergy tested much the same as humans; allergens are numbered and injected into the skin along with a positive and negative control. If the dog has a reaction, a hive or welt appears within 15 minutes of the injection. The vet administering the test will look at each hive and determine the degree of redness, which determines which allergens are the most significant. All of the allergens are then mixed together in various concentrations to formulate the allergy shot.

The concentration of the allergens in the shots will increase slowly over time in order to desensitize your pet’s immune system.  It takes six to nine months to start seeing those results. Allergy shots have up to an 80% success rate and although a dog may not see 100% improvement, Dr. Eckholm still thinks it’s worth it to try the shots.

“If the dog is greater than 50% improved, it’s worth continuing the allergy shots,” Dr. Eckholm suggests. “Again, it’s about quality of life for your pet.”

If your dog does not respond well enough to immunotherapy, the final option is immune-suppressants (or immune modulators), which suppress the immune system so that it will not respond to harmless allergens. The two drugs on the market are Atopica and Apoquel, but both can cause side effects, mainly vomiting and diarrhea but also an increased risk of infection from having a weakened immune system.

Dr. Eckholm says the chosen treatment depends on each individual dog.

“Every dog is going to be affected differently,” Dr. Ekholm says. “So it just depends on response to treatment.”

The Benefits of Allergy Shots for Dogs

It’s important you seek immunotherapy treatment as soon as possible for your allergic pet for a number of reasons.

GETTING YOUR DOG SOME RELIEF FROM HIS ALLERGY ITCHES CAN LEAD TO A MUCH BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE. OTHERWISE, HE MIGHT HAVE TO LIVE HIS LIFE IN THE CONE, WHICH IS NO WAY TO LIVE AT ALL!

First, as previously mentioned, environmental allergies are progressive and will worsen as a dog gets older. Immunotherapy is much more successful in younger pets.

“The younger you allergy test a dog and start immunotherapy, the better they do,” Dr. Eckholm explains. “If a dog comes in as a senior, I don’t often recommend testing them because it’s not as effective.”

It’s also about quality of life for your pet. Just what does quality of life mean? Anyone with an allergic dog can tell you, relief from constant itching and scratching without having to keep your dog in a cone 24/7 is worth it! If you don’t cone your dog, you risk him developing painful hot spots from incessant licking. Who wants their dog to live like that?

Also, dogs will develop secondary bacterial infections as a result of their allergies. These are managed with antibiotics, which also become less effective over time.

“Secondary bacterial infections can become resistant with the repeated use of antibiotics, making it more difficult, and expensive, to treat these infections when they arise,” Dr. Eckholm says.

The Testing Process and Giving Shots

The intra-dermal testing process is actually quite easy—and not traumatic!—for you and your dog. The vet dermatologist will need to shave a 4 by 6 inch patch of hair on your dog to inject the allergens.

Your area vet dermatologist will inject the most common allergens in general, and the ones specific to the region where you live. Overall, they will test roughly 50 different items to get the best idea what your dog is reacting to.

DOG ALLERGY SHOTS ARE FORMULATED BY MIXING ALL THE ALLERGENS THEY REACTED TO IN A VIAL TO GIVE IN VARYING DOSES AS A SHOT.

Your dog will react within minutes with varying degrees of redness, or no reaction at all. Your dog’s allergy shot will be formulated based on the severity and number of reactions.

Depending on the severity of allergies, you will be required to give an allergy shot every other day for 30 days followed by once a week for a year. Maintenance will depend on  your dog’s response.

For example, after a year of consistent shots, my dog only needs a shot every three to four weeks or so, which is very cost-effective to maintain.

If you are skittish about physically giving your dog an allergy shot, there is another option!
The alternative is sublingual immunotherapy under the tongue—SLIT for short—which is a pump you squeeze into their mouth.”About a third of people choose that route either because they’re afraid their dog will bite or they don’t want to do injections,” Dr. Eckholm says.

Who is at Risk

About ten perfect of all dogs develop environmental allergies. Some breeds are more susceptible, such as:

• Retrievers


• Terriers


• Boxers


• Dalmatians


• Bulldogs


• Shepherds


• Beagles


• Irish Setters

You cannot simply avoid the allergen, as you might read online, especially trees, grasses, and dust mites.

“They’re allergic to the pollen and that is carried in the air,” Dr. Eckholm explains. “It can be carried up to 30 miles in the air, and dust mites are everywhere.”

If your dog does develop allergies, he should not be bred.

The Bottom Line

Environmental allergies are on the rise. From trees and grasses to dust mites to even cats and cockroaches, there are a number of things your dog may be allergic to, which can cause him to be pretty miserable and develop infections without treatment. It’s worth it to see a dermatologist to try to give your pal a chance at a more comfortable life.

Apoquel For Dogs

apoquel-for-dogs[/caption]

My clinical experience with Apoquel (oclacitinib), updated 11/1/16

Dr. Melissa Eisenschenk, DVM, DACVD

Apoquel® is the brand name of oclacitinib, an FDA approved immune suppressant drug in the Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor class made by Zoetis.  This drug inhibits primarily JAK-1 and -3 signaling that would normally occur when a cytokine binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell.  This includes blocking the effects of inflammatory cytokines released from activated lymphocytes (IL-2, -4, -6, -13) as well as IL-31, a cytokine directly involved in the sensation of itch.  JAK signaling is important to the function of the bone marrow as well.  Apoquel works differently than steroids, antihistamines, or cyclosporine.

Apoquel works rapidly, usually within 24 hours, to diminish itching.  It is very rare to have GI upsets with Apoquel like we can see with cyclosporine.  The antipruritic effects of the Apoquel wear off quickly, within 12-24 hours, so the medication needs to be given daily in most cases.

Dosing/Administration:

The dose of Apoquel is 0.4-0.6 mg/kg every 12 hours for up to 14 days, then 0.4-0.6 mg/kg once daily thereafter.  Apoquel is not FDA approved to use twice daily longer than 14 days.  The dose range is very strict, I do not recommend going above the recommended dose due to immune suppression, below the range and it doesn’t seem to work in most cases.  I have seen 2 cases, both collies, where they were able to have half or less their regular dose and do ok.

Apoquel works rapidly, most pets see complete relief within 2 days.  We typically give it twice daily for 7 days if the pet is very uncomfortable, then go to once daily.  If it has not worked after a week, it is very unlikely to work better with continued use in my opinion.  Zoetis reports that 60% of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis cases are controlled long term, likely because severe cases would do better on twice daily dosing.  It is rare that Apoquel controls pruritus in dogs whose allergies were so severe that they require daily steroids.

In humans, it is not recommended to give some of these JAK inhibitor drugs with CYP3A4 inhibitors like ketoconazole.   I have not seen bad side effects giving almost any drug with Apoquel, including ketoconazole.  The only possible interaction I have seen so far is with pets getting more sleepy than normal when Apoquel was given with Benadryl, possibly Temaril P, and these were individual cases.

Long term studies of giving Apoquel along with other immunosuppressants like steroids and cyclosporine have not been done.  My clinical experience would suggest that steroids at anti-inflammatory doses of 0.5mg/kg twice daily and taper is seems to be safe for the short term.  If steroids are needed with Apoquel, evaluate how well the Apoquel is actually working for the patient.  Apoquel is effective very quickly, so there is no need to transition slowly from steroids to Apoquel.  Obviously a short transition may be needed to prevent an Addisonian crisis in a pet who has been on high doses or daily steroids for more than a month.

Apoquel is only FDA approved for dogs who are greater than 12 months of age.  The reason for this is that below 1 year of age, demodicosis and pneumonia were seen at an unacceptable level when Apoquel was given at 3 x and 5 x the regular dose.

Side Effects:

Other drugs in the same drug class as Apoquel include drugs for humans for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and cancer.  In humans, the side effects of drugs in the JAK inhibitor class of drugs include: neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased liver values, increased cholesterol, UTI, weight gain, herpes zoster.

Apoquel side effects listed for dogs in the product insert include:  vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, SQ or dermal masses (unspecified), decreased leukocytes, decreased globulins, and increased cholesterol and lipase.  Low numbers of dogs in the studies developed demodicosis, neoplasia, pneumonia, bloody diarrhea, skin and ear infections, UTIs, and histiocytomas. Interestingly, a few dogs developed polydipsia, increased appetite, and aggression, similar to what may be seen with steroids.

My Experiences:

I have started over 1000 dogs on Apoquel.  It is fairly rare to see side effects while a pet is on Apoquel.  Bone marrow suppression is the most concerning side effect, but we have only seen this in about 1% of pets on Apoquel.  No outward signs were seen in these cases who had bone marrow suppression (other than zero allergy symptoms), only changes on bloodwork were discovered.  This is why we recommend bloodwork at the 2-3 month point after starting Apoquel.  In the rare cases I have seen, the bone marrow recovered after a few weeks of stopping Apoquel.  Even in cases where the CBC values do not go below normal, it is common for the values to sink towards the low end, the clinical significance of this is not known.  Steroids and cyclosporine do not cause bone marrow suppression even at extreme doses, so this is one downside to Apoquel.

Ear infections seem at an unusually high rate in my opinion, at least compared to what I have seen with steroids or cyclosporine- drugs which tend to prevent ear infections.  Sometimes we also see urinary tract infections while pets are on Apoquel, however, I am suspicious this type of infection is more common in patients who have allergies anyway.

Similarly to the side effect of weight gain seen in humans on JAK inhibitors, I have seen weight gain in dogs on Apoquel, not to the degree seen with prednisone.   Perhaps they are getting less exercise from not scratching as much.  It would be nice to perform a study with normal dogs, who (like humans) may tend to gain weight over time no matter what drugs they are on.

Some dermatologists have used Apoquel in cats (desperate cases) with some success, however this use is not FDA approved, high doses are needed, and more than once daily dosing is needed.  I have not had luck with this drug in the handful of cats I have tried it on.

So far, I have not had Apoquel help with conditions other than allergic dermatitis in dogs.

We don’t know long term side effects of Apoquel in dogs, time will tell.  The product insert warns that Apoquel may exacerbate neoplastic conditions.  There is no good evidence of this as of yet, we will keep monitoring.  I would recommend Apoquel over cyclosporine in a dog with previous cancer.  Comfort and quality of life are absolute considerations when deciding which medications to use.

Monitoring:

Our protocol for Apoquel is to check a CBC/Chem6 prior to starting Apoquel, then at 3 months, then once yearly.  The CBC is the most important piece of information for monitoring.  It is important to make sure the dog does not have liver disease prior to starting the Apoquel.  The only exception to this would be liver elevations caused by steroids.  Time will tell if urine monitoring is important.  Since we have not been monitoring urinalyses routinely, it is possible there are silent UTIs.

Summary:

I like Apoquel.  The benefits of Apoquel include: rapid onset of action, low likelihood of GI side effects, rare side effects with long term use, no withdrawal needed for skin testing, and decent price.  The downsides include:  increased infections, monitoring needed for bone marrow suppression, does not work for many pets, and we do not have long term data.  It is a wonderful option for those dogs who do not tolerate steroids or cyclosporine.  Allergy testing and shots remains the only effective management of allergies that does not involve immune suppression.

Monitor blood work prior to administering this medication (especially in older animals), at 3 months, and then annually thereafter until we have more information about long term use in dogs.  I do not recommend using this medication against the recommendations on the drug insert.

Does your dog have allergies? If so, your conventional veterinarian may offer you a new allergy drug called Apoquel^®.

It’s being touted as “a fast-acting and safe treatment for the control of acute and chronic canine pruritus.”

Pruritus means itching … and if you’ve got an itchy dog you’re probably desperate to make your dog more comfortable and stop his constant scratching. Apoquel is said to ease your dog’s itching in as little as 4 to 24 hours. And dog owners report that it does relieve their dogs’ itching.

Sounds like something you might want to try, right?

Well, not so fast …

Before you expose your dog to the risks associated with this new drug, read on. And if your dog is already on Apoquel you’ll probably want to stop the drug as soon as you can, once you find out how it demolishes essential parts of your dog’s internal disease fighting systems.

Allergies And The Immune System

An allergy is an exaggerated and inappropriate response of the immune system. Conventional medicine loves to suppress symptoms.

Suppressing can be defined as getting rid of the symptoms without helping the body to rid itself of the illness or disease. So if allergies are an improper response of the immune system, what are the kinds of drugs that have typically been used to suppress and destroy that same immune system?

The History Of Dog Allergy Drugs

First came prednisolone, prednisone and other steroids, which work by suppressing the functioning of the immune system.

Then, when allergic dogs stopped responding to steroids, veterinarians started using Atopica (cyclosporine). Cyclosporine was initially developed to prevent organ transplant rejections in humans. It works by suppressing the immune system so that the patient doesn’t reject the transplanted organ.

And then they started using it for dogs with allergies. Atopica has a devastating and destructive effect on the immune system. Read what I wrote about Atopica back in 2012.

Atopica is still harming dogs today. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has 17 pages of adverse events (starting on page 452) that have been reported for oral use of Atopica (cyclosporine) in dogs!

Here are just the top 12 from the first page!



Those are some pretty alarming numbers … and it’s ironic that the fifth side effect on the list is pruritus, which means itching – the very thing the drug is designed to stop! And now, there’s another scary allergy drug called Apoquel^® (oclacitinib maleate) that suppresses your dog’s immune system in a different way.

Read on to learn what it does.

What is Apoquel For Your Dog And How Does It Work?

Apoquel affects kinases. Kinases are important signaling compounds that the body’s cells use to communicate with each other.

In the 1980s, an Australian chemist discovered some new ones, known as JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TKY2.

JAK initially stood for Just Another Kinase but was later renamed Janus Kinase.

JAKs are key elements in controlling both growth and development. These particular JAKs do the work of:

1. Policing the body against tumor formation


2. Controlling body growth and development


3. Forming white and red blood cells


4. Providing immunity with proper functioning of your dog’s antibody-producing cells (B cells) and the “policing” cells (T-cells)


5. Regulating inflammatory response

Recognizing the epidemic of dogs with allergies, pharmaceutical companies saw the opportunity to create a drug would stop these JAKs in their tracks.

They sure succeeded.

Oclacitinib maleate, under the brand name Apoquel^®, is a Janus kinase inhibitor. That means it stops JAKs from doing their job.

Apoquel Stops Life-Sustaining JAKs

Apoquel’s mechanism is to interrupt JAKs and prevent them from working.

Without JAKs your dog’s immune system, along with other systems, cannot function correctly.

JAK1 is vital for the constant surveillance within your dog’s body to find and destroy abnormal cells that have become cancerous before they form tumors.

JAK1 also is an imperative messenger necessary for destroying invading parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

JAK2 is central to the production of bone marrow stem cells that then become red and white blood cells and platelets.

Your dog’s antibody system (B cells) and its killer-cell system (T cells) need JAK3 in order to work well.

These JAKs all talk to each other and share information to keep your dog’s body healthy. So you can see that by preventing JAKs from working, Apoquel seriously undermines your dog’s immune system.

What The Research Says About Apoquel

A study conducted by the manufacturer to test Apoquel’s safety and efficacy stated:

“There were no fatalities and no abnormal health events that necessitated hospitalization in either the study phase [day 0–7 (+3 days)] or the continuation phase [day 8–28 (±20 days)] of the study. Given that the majority of dogs in the placebo group withdrew after the completion of the study phase, the incidence of abnormal clinical signs was similar in both groups (Table 3).”



So, it seems from these comments and Table 3 showing adverse effects that the drug is fairly safe …

… but did you notice the duration of the study? That’s right – only 7 days!

There was a “continuation phase” after the 7 day study period, from 8 to 30 days. The researchers report:

“Six dogs (four oclacitinib and two placebo group) were withdrawn from the study during the continuation phase for abnormal health events. Abnormal health events were reported in 11 of 179 oclacitinib-treated dogs post-study. These were as follows: diarrhoea (four dogs; severe enough to warrant cessation of treatment in one dog); vomiting (four dogs); fever, lethargy and cystitis (one dog); an inflamed footpad and vomiting (one dog); and diarrhoea, vomiting and lethargy (one dog).”

So about 6% of dogs tested had abnormal health events. That doesn’t seem very high.

But that was only for 30 days!

Nobody has tested the safety of Apoquel for more than 30 days … and yet, if your dog takes this drug, he could be on it for years!

Years when his immune system will be compromised by the drug – because that’s how it works! The manufacturer has limited Apoquel for use only in dogs over 12 months old.

That’s because, when they conducted “margin of safety” studies on 6 and 12 month old dogs, they had to discontinue the study for 6-month old dogs when the dogs developed bacterial pneumonia and demodectic mange infections!

Here’s the warning on the company’s website:



In the margin of safety study on 12-month old dogs, some of the symptoms that were considered likely to be related to Apoquel included:

• papillomas (warts)


• interdigital furunculosis (cysts) with related dermatitis symptoms (local alopecia, erythema, abrasions, scabbing/crusts


• edema of feet


• lymphadenopathy (abnormal or swollen lymph nodes) in peripheral nodes

Yes, you read right … the side effects include various types of skin disease in dogs who are being treated for allergies!

The drug was also found to lower white and red blood cell count and affect certain types of lymphatic tissue and lymph nodes as well as bone marrow.

Detailed information about the studies is provided under the Prescribing Information tab on the company’s website … and if you’re considering giving your dog Apoquel, you (and your vet) should read it before you make a decision.

Sometimes I feel that the world of modern medicine has gone mad. One in two dogs is getting cancer.

(Read our article on the Natural Treatment of Cancer, Click Here.)

And yet here is a new anti-itch drug that not only opens up the door to cancer – but hangs up a welcome sign as well.

There Are Alternatives To Apoquel For Your Dog

There are better and safer alternatives to these dangerous allergy drugs.

As just one example, when I see dogs with allergies in my own practice, I create a tailored Allergy Elimination Program – based on the original work in NAET (Nambudripad’s Allergy Elimination Technique) – and it works incredibly well for over 90% of the patients I treat.

It’s non-toxic and has the effect of creating a stronger immune system that will fight off cancer and disease.

Meanwhile, this new drug that stops that worrisome and at times intolerable itching, causes low white cell count, low red cell count, stunted growth – and can increase your dog’s risk of cancer.

When I became a veterinarian I vowed to protect the health of our pets. I wanted to make them healthier and help them live longer and happier lives.

Sometimes, with all these new and confusing drugs that pet owners rush to without understanding, I feel like I’m swimming upstream.